Fish Oil and Your Heart: Scientific Research
12,000 patient study suggests Omega-3 reduces likelihood of heart attack
Health Condition: heart attack, sudden death
Summary of benefits:
- They studied almost 12,000 patients who had just suffered a heart attack
- Patients were given Omega-3 supplements after their heart attacks
- They were monitored for a second heart attack and sudden death
- Patients taking Omega-3 were significantly less likely to have a second heart attack or have sudden death
- Beneficial effects of Omega-3 were noticed as early as 4 months
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: Marchioli R, Barzi F, et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results.
Published in: Circulation, Journal of the American Heart Assoc., 2002: 105:1897-1903.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11997274
Fish oil shown to reduce irregular heart beat
Health Condition: Heart rate, Heart disease, arrhythmia.
Summary of benefits:
- The study evaluated 84 patients
- Heart arrhythmia decreased slightly in patients taking omega-3 from fish oil vs. placebo
- Patients taking fish oil noticed a significant reduction in heart beats per minute
- Reduced heart rate predicts a lower risk of sudden death
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG, et al. Effects of n3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans.
Published in: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005: 81(2): 416 – 420.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699229
Review paper confirms firm evidence of fish oil’s benefit on heart rate
Health Condition: Heart rate, Heart disease
Summary of benefits:
- This study reviewed 30 previous studies on fish oil and heart rate
- Heart rate was reduced an average of 2 to 3 beats per minute
- Patients with high heart rate noticed the greatest benefit
- Study cites “firm evidence” that fish oil improves heart rate
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, et al. Effect of Fish Oil on Heart Rate in Humans. A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Published in: Circulation, Journal of the American Heart Assoc., 2005: 112:1945-1952.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/112/13/1945
Large clinical study finds fish oil reduces heart disease risk factors by 20 – 35%
Health Condition: Cardiovascular disease, inflammation
Summary of benefits:
- This study explored fish consumption among 3000 healthy individuals
- Study did not look at fish oil supplementation
- It noticed a 20 – 35% reduction in several heart disease risk factors
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: Zampelas A, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Fish Consumption Among Healthy Adults Is Associated With Decreased Levels of Inflammatory Markers Related to Cardiovascular Disease.
Published in: Journal of American College of Cardiology, 2005: 46:120-124
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15992645
Omega-3 from fish better than Omega-3 from flax at reducing heart disease risk factors in women
Health Condition: Artery and blood vessel health and inflammation
Summary of benefits:
- Study evaluated over 700 women who took fish oil supplements for risk factors of heart disease
- Six risk factors were lower by up to 29%
- Unlike Omega-3 from fish oil, Omega-3 from flaxseed oil did not reduce these risk factors
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze M, et al. Consumption of (n-3) Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Activation in Women.
Published in: Journal of Nutrition, 2004: 134:1806-1811.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226473
Fish oil supplementation allows reduced use of Over-The-Counter pain killers and reduces heart diseases risk factors
Health Condition: cardiovascular health, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation
Summary of benefits:
- This 3-year study looked at 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis
- People with rheumatoid arthritis are at greater risk of heart disease
- 30 – 40% reduction in risk factors were observed in patients taking fish oil
- The study confirmed EPA Omega-3 in the blood to ensure that supplements were being absorbed
- A reduction in blood triglycerides was observed in the group that took fish oil
- Patients taking placebo did not notice any of the above benefits
- Study concluded that fish oil reduces the cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Fish oil users noticed a 75% reduction in use of over-the-counter pain killers
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Cleland LG, Caughey GE, James MJ, Proudman SM. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors with long term fish oil treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis.
Published in: Journal of Rheumatology, 2006: 33(10): 1973-1979.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16881100
Large study shows eating fish 5X a week reduces risk of heart failure by 37% (but don’t fry your fish!)
Health Condition: congestive heart failure
Summary of benefits:
- This 12-year study evaluated almost 5000 patients age 65 and older
- Fish consumption, not fish oil supplements, was used to add Omega-3 to diets
- Those eating fish once or twice a week had a 20% reduction in risk
- Those eating fish three to four times a week had a 31% reduction in risk
- Those eating fish five or more times a week had a 37% reduction in risk
- Benefits were only noticed when fish was broiled or baked
- Frying the fish removed all the benefits noticed above
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: Mozaffarian D, Bryson CLJ, et al. Fish intake and risk of incident heart failure.
Published in: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2005: 45(12): 2015-2021
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15963403
Taking fish oil shows less artery-blocking deposits
Health Condition: coronary atherosclerosis (blocked arteries)
Summary of benefits:
- This 2-year study looked at 162 patients
- At the end of the study, those taking fish oil had less artery-blocking deposits
- The study also claims that fish oil supplements are safe, well-tolerated and beneficial for atherosclerosis patients
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 2 per day.
Authors & Title: von Schacky, Clemens, et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis.
Published in: Annals of Internal Medicine, 1999: 130: 554-562
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189324
Omega-3 supplements twice as effective than cholesterol-lowering drugs at reducing mortality
Health Condition: cholesterol, triglycerides
Summary of benefits:
- This study reviewed 97 other studies up to June 2003
- The authors looked at 270,000 patients and what reduced mortality (death)
- Change in diet reduced mortality by 3%
- Niacin reduced mortality by 4%
- Cholesterol-lowering ‘statin’ drugs like Lipitor, Zocor etc. reduced mortality by 13%
- Omega-3 from fish oil supplements reduced mortality by 23%
- Study concludes that Omega-3 and statin drugs are the best for reducing over all and heart-related mortality
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Tudor M, Briel M, et al. Effect of Different Antilipidemic Agents and Diets on Mortality, A Systematic Review.
Published in: Archives of Internal Medicine, 2005: 165: 725-730.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824290
EPA Omega-3 Better Than DHA Omega-3 at Improving Artery Health
Health Condition: cholesterol, triglycerides, arteries, blood vessels, arterial elasticity and cardiovascular risk
Summary of benefits:
- This study looked at 38 patients with high cholesterol and triglycerides
- The first group was given very high doses of EPA (3 grams per day)
- The second group was given very high doses of DHA Omega-3 (3 grams)
- The third group received placebo pills
- After 7 weeks, those taking fish oil supplements (both EPA and DHA) had significantly better arteries
- EPA Omega-3 was better than DHA Omega-3 at showing benefits
- EPA Omega-3 showed a 36% improvement
- DHA Omega-3 showed 27% improvement
- Placebo group showed no improvement
- Study concludes that EPA and DHA Omega-3 reduces the risk of heart disease
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 3 per day.
Authors & Title: Nestel P, Shige H, et al. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans.
Published in: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002: 76: 326-330
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12145002
Study Highlights Several Heart Benefits of Omega-3
Health Condition: general health, disease, growth and development
Summary of benefits:
- This review of Omega-3 highlighted several benefits of fish oil supplements
- Omega-3 decreases blood platelet clumping
- Omega-3 reduces blood viscosity and thickness
- Omega-3 reduced LDL (bad cholesterol) if saturated fat is reduced from the diet
- Omega-3 reduces blood triglycerides
- Omega-3 (both EPA and DHA) reduces joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
- Helped patients with ulcerative colitis
- Omega-3 reduces skin lesions
- Omega-3 reduces size of tumors in animals
- Omega-3 DHA is particularly important for eye and brain development in children
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development.
Published in: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991: 54: 438 – 463.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1908631
Large Study Shows Eating Fish Reduces Incidence of Heart Attacks
Health Condition: heart attacks (myocardial infraction)
Summary of benefits:
- This study looked at over 18,000 men between the ages of 45 and 64
- Those eating fish regularly had much lower risk of heart attacks
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Yuan J-M, Ross R, Gao Y-T, and Yu M. Fish and Shellfish Consumption in Relation to Death from Myocardial Infarction among Men in Shanghai, China.
Published in: American Journal of Epidemiology 2001: 154(9): 809-816
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11682363
Fish Oil 8X More Effective than Defibrillators in Preventing Sudden Death
Health Condition: Preventing sudden death
Summary of benefits:
- This study compared the use of defibrillators versus Omega-3 supplements in preventing sudden death
- Fish oil supplements were 8 times more effective in preventing sudden death than defibrillators
- Fish oil supplements were twice as effective as surgically implanted cardio defibrillators in preventing sudden death
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Kottke TE, Wu LA, Brekke LN, et al. Preventing Sudden Death with n-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids and Defibrillators.
Published in: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006: 31(4): 316-323.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16979456
American Heart Association Recommends Omega-3 from Fish instead of Flax
Health Condition: heart disease
Summary of benefits:
- New recommendation from the American Heart Association says that Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA from fish oil are more effective than Omega-3 from flaxseed oil.
- The new recommendation is published in an article titled “Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease.”
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS; Appel LJ, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. New Recommendations From the American Heart Association.
Published in: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2003: 23: 151-152.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/2/151
High Omega-6 and Low Omega-3 in Diet Leads to Several Illnesses
Health Condition: Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio and its health implications
Summary of benefits:
- This publication says that early humans ate equal parts Omega-6 and Omega-3
- Modern diets contain 15 parts Omega-6 to 1 part Omega-3
- Western diets are deficient in Omega-3
- High Omega-6 and low Omega-3 causes heart disease, inflammation, joint pain and immune diseases like allergies, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis
- The proper dose of Omega-3 fish oil supplements will depend on the severity of the illness
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Simopoulos A. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids.
Published in: Biomedical Pharmacotherapy, 2002 56(8): 365-379
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442909
Omega-3 from Fish Superior to Omega-3 from Plants
Health Condition: heart health, heart rate, sudden death
Summary of benefits:
- This study compares Omega-3 from fish oil supplements versus Omega-3 from plant sources
- Fish oil significantly improved the heart rate variability
- Omega-3 from plants improved it as well but not as much as fish oil
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Holguin F, Tellez-Rojo MM, Lazo M, et al. Cardiac Autonomic Changes Associated With Fish Oil vs Soy Oil Supplementation in the Elderly.
Published in: Chest, 2005:127:1102-1107.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15821181
American Heart Association says Fish Oil Supplements Virtually Free of Mercury
Health Condition: coronary heart disease
Summary of benefits:
- This is a review of the benefits of Omega-3 by the American Heart Association
- The AHA concludes that well-made fish oil supplements are virtually free of mercury
- The Food and Drug Administration considers up to 3000 mg of Omega-3 per day as safe
- 500 – 1800 mg of EPA and DHA Omega-3 (combined) per day is recommended
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. AHA Scientific Statement. Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease.
Published in: Circulation, Journal of the American Heart Assoc., 2002:106: 2747-2757.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/106/21/2747
Large Study Among Diabetics Shows Fish Consumption Reduces Heart Disease
Health Condition: heart disease, diabetes, sudden cardiac death
Summary of benefits:
- This study evaluated over 5100 nurses with diabetes
- Higher consumption of fish and Omega-3 showed reduced incidence of heart disease
- There was also lower mortality among the nurses who consumer fish regularly
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Hu F, Cho E, et al. Fish and Long-Chain -3 Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Total Mortality in Diabetic Women.
Published in: Circulation, Journal of the American Heart Assoc., 2003: 107:1852-1857.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668520
Study Shows 36% Decrease in Death if Fish Consumed Twice a Week
Health Condition: cardiovascular health
Summary of benefits:
- This publication looks at the benefits and risks of getting Omega-3 from eating fish
- They report a 36% reduction in coronary death if fish is consumed once or twice a week
- And 17% reduction if total mortality
- Benefits may be felt with as little as 250 mg of Omega-3 per day
- Women of child bearing age are advised to avoid some types of fish (shark, grouper, tilefish)
- Health effects of mercury in adults is unknown
- Despite the risks, the study believes the benefits outweigh the risks of eating fish
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: Mozaffarian D, Eric B. Rimm EB. Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health. Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits.
Published in: Journal of the American Medical Association, 2006: 296(15): 1885-1899.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17047219
Very Large Study with Nurses Shows Large Reduction in Heart Disease
Health Condition: coronary heart disease
Summary of benefits:
- This study examined almost 85,000 female nurses over 16 years
- Nurses eating fish 5 times per week had 34% less heart disease
- Nurses eating fish twice a week had 29% less heart disease
- Nurses eating fish three times a month had 21% less heart disease
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: Hu FB, Bronner L, et al. Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women.
Published in: Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002: 287(14): 1815-1821.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11939867
Post-Menopausal Women with High Omega-3 Have Less Heart Disease
Health Condition: atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease
Summary of benefits:
- This study looked at 228 post-menopausal women with artery disease
- Those with high levels of DHA Omega-3 in their blood had less artery disease
- Those with high levels of DHA Omega-3 also had lower levels of triglycerides
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Erkkilä AT, Matthan NR, et al. Higher plasma docosahexaenoic acid is associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in women with established coronary artery disease.
Published in: Journal of Lipid Research, Dec 2006: 47: 2814 – 2819.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983146
Connection Between Heart Disease and Depression Explored
Health Condition: depression, heart disease
Summary of benefits:
- There is an established link between heart disease and depression
- Patients admitted for heart disease were measured for signs of depression and blood levels of Omega-3 were measured
- Patients diagnosed with depression had a lot less Omega-3 DHA levels in the blood
- The same patients also had a lot less EPA Omega-3 in their blood
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Parker G, Heruc G, Hilton T, et al. Low levels of docosahexaenoic acid identified in acute coronary syndrome patients with depression.
Published in: Psychiatry Res, 2006: 141(3): 279-86.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16499974
Study Recommends 1000 mg Omega-3 Daily from Fish Oil
Health Condition: heart disease, irregular heat beat, sudden cardiac death
Summary of benefits:
- Study points out that Omega-3 fatty acids are stored in the cell membranes of the heart
- Omega-3 blocks too much sodium and calcium currents in the heart
- The study claims that the human body is used to having high Omega-3 in its diet for millennia and deficiency can lead to several illnesses
- The study suggests 1000 mg of Omega-3 from fish oil per day.
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: Leaf A, Kang J, Xiao Y, et al. Clinical Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mechanism of Prevention of Arrhythmias by Omega-3 Fish Oils.
Published in: Circulation, Journal of the American Heart Assoc., 2003: 107:2646-2652
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/107/21/2646
Omega-3 Helps Lower Resting Heart Rate
Health Condition: heart attack, resting heart rate, sudden cardiac death
Summary of benefits:
- Heart rates reduced from 73 to 68 in men who took Omega-3 supplements
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: O’keefe JH Jr, Abuissa H, Sastre A, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Resting Heart Rate, Heart Rate Recovery After Exercise, and Heart Rate Variability in Men With Healed Myocardial Infarctions and Depressed Ejection Fractions.
Published in: American Journal of Cardiology, 2006: 97:1127-1130
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616012
Men with Highest Omega-3 Have Lowest Risk for Sudden Death
Health Condition: irregular heart beat, sudden death
Summary of benefits:
- This study followed 5250 middle aged men over 22 years
- Men with the highest Omega-3 levels in their body had the least risk for sudden death
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Jouven X, Charles M, Desnos M, et al. Circulating Nonesterified Fatty Acid Level as a Predictive Risk Factor for Sudden Death in the Population.
Published in: Circulation, Journal of the American Heart Assoc., 2001: 104:756-761.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11502698
Patients Taking Fish Oil Supplements Experience Less Abnormal Heart Rhythms
Health Condition: heart attack, coronary bypass surgery, abnormal heart rhythms
Summary of benefits:
- This study looked at about 160 patients about to enter bypass surgery
- Half the patients were given fish oil supplements and the other were not
- After the surgery, 27 of the 80 patients who did not receive Omega-3 experienced abnormal heart rhythms
- Patients taking fish oil supplements had 54% less abnormal heart rhythms
- Patients taking fish oil supplements also had shorter hospital stays
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefits: 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Calo L, Bianconi L, et al. N-3 Fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, controlled trial.
Published in: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2005: 45(10): 1723-1728.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893193
17-year Study Shows Men With Highest Omega-3 Levels Much Less Likely to Have Heart Attacks
Health Condition: heart attack, sudden death
Summary of benefits:
- This study followed 91 men for 17 years
- The men with the highest amount of Omega-3 fatty acids in their blood were much less likely to experience heart attacks and sudden death
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefit: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Albert CM, Campos H, et al. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death.
Published in: New England Journal of Medicine 2002: Apr 11: 346(15): 1113-1118.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11948270
Harvard Study claims Omega-3 Potent Preventors of Sudden Cardiac Death
Health Condition: sudden cardiac death
Summary of benefits:
- This Harvard study explores the effect of diet on sudden cardiac death
- It says that Omega-3 directly stabilizes every cell in the heart
- It concludes that “fish oil fatty acids are potent preventors of cardiac sudden death”
- And that there is a “large public benefit in understanding this evidence”
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefit: 1 – 2 per day.
Authors & Title: Leaf A. J. Diet and Sudden Cardiac Health.
Published in: The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 2001; 5(3): 173-178.
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11458288
Fish Oil Lowers Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Increases Good Cholesterol (HDL)
Health Condition: heart attacks, sudden cardiac death
Summary of benefits:
- 65 patients were studied
- Half the patients got 1000 mg of Omega-3 from fish oil; the others got olive oil
- After 6 months, the fish oil group had lower triglycerides, lower total cholesterol, lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and an increase in HDL (good) cholesterol
- Those taking olive oil noticed no changes
Number of OmegaVia softgels needed to see study’s benefit: 1 per day.
Authors & Title: Singer P, Wirth M. Can n-3 PUFA reduce cardiac arrhythmias? Results of a clinical trial.
Published in: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2004: 71(3): 153-159
View Study at U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253884
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